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Antenna Terminology Defined Antenna theory and antenna terminology can seem complicated to the uninitiated. A lot goes into designing antennas but with a little bit of guidance and explanation, antenna users (network designers, systems integrators, end users) can read through the antenna specifications and choose the right antenna style for their wireless network design. In this paper we will go over some simple techniques to help you better understand some terminologyused and how it is applied in the Antenna industry. This will be part one of a two part series white paper.

Part two will cover more advanced details. Both parts will provide the reader a wealth of knowledge that is essential for antenna selection and solutions. So let’s get started. The Antenna Radiation Pattern is a graphical representation of the antennas radiated electrical performance.

This wave of energy (electromagnetic in origin) emitted from the antenna that propagates through space is measured at a defined Angle, Amplitude, and Frequency. The measurement of this performance is commonly presented in a graphical format. Apc powerchute business edition server. Let’s look at an Omni-directional antenna example: Think of the ripple that is created when a person throws a stone in the middle of a calm body of water (such as a pond). As the rock enters the water it causes the water all around it to rise and creates a ripple in the water. • Think of this ripple as the “WAVE”. • Think of the “FREQUENCY” as the number of the waves or the occurrences where the wave repeats over a period of time (from the stone to the shore). • Think of the size in height of the wave as the “AMPLITUDE”, and • Think of the length of the wave as the “WAVELENGTH”.

• As this wave moves outward away from the rock’s point of entry and towards the shore, the migration of this wave is called “PROPAGATION”. Think of the letter “S” turned sideways to get a visual image of the peaks and valleys of the propagation wave. If this wave were to get smaller or squeezed and the “amount of occurrences increased” that would indicate that the frequency is getting higher.

If this wave were to be stretched out longer and the “amount of occurrences decreased” then we can relate to the frequency becoming lower. Here is an illustration that represents a “Low Frequency” vs. “High Frequency” wave. To best describe the “ANGLE” we will approach this in two ways “Omni-directional” & “Directional”.

First think of the “ANGLE” as the direction of the wave that is traveling from the rock. (Looking down from above) as shown in Fig (1a.) The first way- Example (1) shows an “Omni-directional” wave where the wave is traveling from the rock to the shore equally in all directions. The second way-Example (2) shows a “Directional” wave where the wave is traveling from the rock to the shore in a defined direction. In both examples substitute the rock for an antenna. You can now visualize the Omni-directional and Directional antenna wave. The measurement around this wave represents the “Azimuth” angle direction.

(Similar to how one reads a compass) Next we will identify is the “Elevation” angle. This is the “Up” and “Down” angle from a reference plane, generally the horizon (such as the surface of the pond). For example, if you were looking through an aquarium window and the surface of the water was at eye level. Looking up you could see the sky, and looking down you could see the bottom of the aquarium. This is the elevation angle.

Then look to the left or right. This is a change in Azimuth angle. So you can see there are multiple combination angles you can have. In summary, the angle can be defined as the space between two intersecting arcs on a sphere or a figure formed by two rays sharing a common end point. Understanding angle in relation to an antenna pattern is a key factor. Using this knowledge is beneficial for selecting the type of antenna needed to achieve the coverage you desire.

For example, the network design may require that an antenna be placed upon a water tower to provide coverage close in or at a moderate distance for all of the homes around the tower. Or, the network design may require that an antenna be placed upon a water tower to provide coverage of a small patch of manufacturing shops with the additional requirement that the radiated signal not go outside this area.